The word HINDU : Today, the big Sindhu river, is in Pakistan but before Partition of India, which made Pakistan, it was in the western part of India . In the ancient time, Mohan, which included Jodaro and Harppa, two places of that region, had a great civilization which evolved, named the Sindhu civilization . Those people were called ARYA. The Arab people had known these places. These places were on the belt of the Sindhu river, and in Arabic , because of the letter “ Sa “ they say “ Ha “ so they called it the Hindu river and so the people in this belt are called Hindu.
Religion : Hindu is not a religion itself, it is a geographical name of a people. This great civilization wrote The first Epic of the world “ The Vedas”. Actually in the Vedic or the Vaidic Era, they were worshipers of nature and developed methods and behaviors they found beneficial and over in a long time, they developed practices for the human body, to support health, wealth, security, and society. They followed these practices and they called them “ Dharma.“This means duty, or a code of behavior for everyone. And, manners and behaviors’ which were harmful, they forbidden. Those things were referred to as “Paap”, which means sin. They added God and Goddesses to personify different aspects of Brahman, the Supreme Being or God. So actually they followed the behavior or Utilitarianism. When Over a period of time this civilization spread all over India, Nepal and other places they mostly used the theory of utility. They followed those behaviors and manners depending on the time, place, weather, need , and environment. So their religion is called“Sanatan Dharma“ which means using new, useful rules as a way of living which was true in the past, the present and will be in the future too.
Then who is Hindu and follower of Sanatan Dharm ? Thoes who consider and celebrates the festivals – Dashahara, DeepawalI, Holi, KhichaDi, Nagpanchami,Teej, Panchami , KarwaChauth,etc, or worship God – Ram, Krishna , Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh, The Godesses – Lakshmi, Durga, Saraswati, Seeta, Parwati, Radha etc. Or who go to temple and put Tika, Chandan on forehead who has colored dress and long hair Choti on the head ? No, not at all . Only that’s not Dharm .These are the symbols, traditions, and culture. It may be chang. These are changeable . We have changed many uses and traditions that were in past . But the Essence, elements, of Dharm are not changeable.
So we have got to know about the philosophy of Dharm . Actually Hindu Dharm is Vaidic, it means Hinduism finds it’s expression from the Vedas. Though Vedas are in four books, but it’s whole knowledge, we can divide into two parts . The first part is the KarmKand . This is the procedure part . It has also two branches. –(1) Sanhita means codes of conduct. It is collection of Mantras, and (2) Brahmans .( here it is not a race, but collections of few formulas ) This branch has, formulas and methods of worship. This full part is flexible, changeable . These are not universal and not timeless.
The second part is GYAN , or PRAGYA means super natural experiences knowledge , or intellection., or lightened knowledge , or intubation. It has also two things, (1) ARANYAK (2) UPNISHAD ( Up = near, closed, nishad = to sit ) . It is said in this that Gyan is the truth which doesn’t change with time. Upnishads are the soul or main thoughts of Vedas . So it is SANATAN ( means true in yesterday, today and tomorrow ,forever. we can say eternal and timeless ) . without learning of Upnishad we cannot know what is Sanatan Dharm. But in the easy way we can say some essentials .
Main principles of the Dharm : Dharma is a Sanskrit word that means “One that is worth holding”.The founders searched for a few universally worthwhile concepts such as: Truth , Nonviolence, compassion , love, service , sacrifice, charity, and to live and let live, as expressed in the following prayer:
Sarve bhawantu sukhinah, sarve santu niraamay,
(all creatures of the world be happy, all be healthy)
Sarve Bhadrani pashyanti maa kashchid dukha bhaag bhavet
( may people everywhere see good and not see any sorrows)
How very decent a prayer, in which the devotee prays for the goodness and happiness for all creatures of the world .
There are no historical writers credited with founding the concept of Dharma, nor an acknowledged time of creation. Dharma came into being after a long, long time – it developed over centuries as its followers learned from their experiences and formulated the creation of its theories. There was no one person who was credited as the founder nor was it publicized. So swami Vivekanand said that it is a destructive thought to establish only one religion in the whole world . There are many religions and different kinds of devotees and it is best so religious tolerance and love for each other is required for world peace and progress.
With this in mind, Hinduism involves a few Theories.
1, Reverence and belief in God : The Whole universe is the creation of The all mighty God and He is in everywhere and in every particle. It means even in stones, trees, rivers, seas, the sun, the moon, the stars, there is also a living being.
2, Nothing can exist without His wish. He is supreme and all mighty.
3, The main principle is the monastic concept – God is only one . He is unborn. He was in that time when there was not “time”, not the universe and He will be in that time when the universe does not exist. Though we say Him, as a masculine form, God is not He or She. He is not in any shape, structure, or frame . A person, when he/she worked as a police, military, sailor, car driver, fire fighter, swimmer, mother, father, teacher and so on has different roles and jobs and duties. The same person acts differently, wears different dress and uses different equipments, principles, manners and policies. Similarly God also has countless duties so He / She is shown in many forms as Gods and Goddesses. God is a human being for people, and a cow, a buffalo, a lion, a bird, a dog, a cat, a rat, or a tree for those creatures. Thus here is shown the Polytheistic concept. Bramhaa ( the creator), Vishnu ( the Operator), Mahesh ( the destroyer) are forms of God and lakshami, Parvati , Durga, kaalee, Sarswatee, etc. are Goddesses . Agni ( fire), Vaayu or pawan (air), Varun (water), Hanuman etc. are Dewata, which means small God. The things- Sun, moon, earth, sea, river, pond, forest, tree, are also worshiped. The Cow is as a Goddess, and the monkey is also worshiped. (see the prayer of God in Sanskrit, the mother language ):
Twamewa maataa shchapitaa twamewa , twamewa vandhushcha sakhaa twamewa /
( you are the mother and the father too, you are brother and friend to all.
Twamewa vidyaa dravinam twamewa, twamewa sarwam mam deva devaa //
( you are knowledge and wealth , and you are my God and Goddesses as all ).
4, And when there is heavy and more sin, trespassing on the earth He/ She appears and we say an Avataar (Incarnation or embodiment). It may be a fish, a turtle , a man, a woman, a lion, or anything. Ram, Sita, Krishna, Mahaaveer, Buddha are God’s Avataars.
5, After the death of any creature his/her soul doesn’t die. The soul belongs with God and it is immortal. If any creature spends his or her life innocently, the soul dissolves into God,that is called “Moksha”. It is the best outcome for a soul because the soul does not have to be born again and does not again experience sorrows and sadness and death. But it is very rare. In another way, every creature, after death, he or she should have to go to Heaven or Hell as a result of their deeds. There is no excuse for any bad deed or thought. After that, the results of past Karmas ( deeds) lead to Reincarnation again on the earth and one will have to undergo the result of Karma. Reincarnation may take the form of a human being, an animal, any creature and even a tree or a stone as determined by their . The bunch of deeds makes fate. God’s prayer only can make things less painful and result in better situations , but it can’t give someone a pardon. Here are two stories for its clarification.
- A . In the great Epic, Mahaabhaarat, during the big war a very great person, like
athe sage Bheeshma Pitaamaha falls to earth when hundreds of arrows pierce his body but he didn’t die. When lord Krishna went to him he asked – “O lord, I think I didn’t commit any shins in my life so why I am in this situation ?” Krishna said “ Close your eyes , I will give you the divine vision. you can search why it happened.” He closed eyes and saw what looked like a movie, showing his many births and births from long ago. In once birth, he is a prince who is walking on a path and a snake is shown there. He picked the snake up on his bow and threw it on a tree. Unfortunately, that was a Babool tree ( a dense thorn tree ) and so the snake fell on the tree and his body suddenly suffered many cuts . The snake was suffering in pain. Bheesma opened his eyes and said I know my sin. . As I had done this , I experienced the same.” - B .The great Sage Swami RamKrishna Paramhansa of Kolkata, was suffering from piles and was crying day and night. The pupils said him to say to the Mother Kaalee, The Goddess, who used to talk with him directly. He said, the first thing She is the Mother of Universe, so she knows every thing and she knows well for my best than me .So she will do the best one. And secondary, definitely this is the result of any birth‘s deeds . If I postponed it now, it will come again in my any birth of the future. In this time I am in the lap of mother Goddess and very spiritual position so it makes to undergo easy than any other situation.
6, Nature of God and Unity and respect : Vedas say,: Bramha ( Ishwar, Bhagawan, Parmeshwar, Parmaatmaa etc many words for God ) is unburned . He/she has no gender, no form no space no limit, and can not known him . We can feel him/her only experience. God had made universe and nature. Nature has three classes of work – creation, operating and destroy. Thus God does three work . so He has three forms. But they have no any difference. They always consider someone bigger than himself . Bramha worship Vishnu and Mahesh, Vishnu to Shiva ( Mahesh), and Bramha, Shiva to Vishnu and Brahma. Goddesses are also so on. So any cult has no any differences and quarrel ever. Every person has many cults and every cult has many kinds of devotees.
7, Position and principle for Female : . In theory and mostly in practice, between men and women there is not discrimination. They are not only equal but women have a higher rank. Men worships the Goddesses, even the King also has to worship living a teen girl yearly, on a occasion . Human rights assert and plead for equality in man and woman but Hindu books and thinkers says that this kind of gender equality may be good for the western world and those societies in which females are discriminated against. But it is wrong for Hindus to make equal men and women , because Hindu women are already in a higher position in the Dharma. This western equality theory reduces the rank and get them down to the Hindu female. Hindu system helps to raise the position of women Social and religious rules give females a higher rank than a Hindu male. Once, an Indian Chief Justice also felt sad for the constitutional equality., in the comparison of Hindu Dharm’s inequality.
8. in few religions,
(A) you can do sin but if you do few religious thing, the sin washes.
(B) In the heaven there are beautiful ladies and wine for your use. It means heaven is not for women and women are a thing for entertainment of males. Women cannot be equal as men in the religion and societie’s concept. .
(C) No one can speak against ancient traditions even any bad manner of religion.
9. Dharm is not amendable but culture isflexible :The main theories of Dharma are rigid. Only few exceptions the main base, the manners, means the culture have been amendment time to time. The books of Puranas and Smriti made amendments in ancient traditions and uses and after Sixth century four Sages were established in the four directions of India , official called ‘Shankaracharyas’. They can think about time age and traditions and they can define new thoughts. After every 12 years, a religious fair named Mahaa kumbha is celebrating in the four places of India alternately. There celebrates the great religious Parliament including the Shankaraachaaryas, Mandaleswar, Mahamandaleshwr, sages and other religious authorities. So in the Dharma and about its habits and culture there is full freedom for speech and thought
Though in English we use the word “religion” for DHARMA, (Sanatan Dharma, Vaidik or Hindu Dharma ) is very different than Religion and Islamic Majahab. And the word “mind” for “soul” doesn’t convey the sense, exactly.
Any Hindu person can choose to follow or not follow any (services), festivals, and fasting days, and can go or not go to temple, may worship one or many forms of God or Goddesses, give donations or not. There is full freedom. However, choosing atheism is (frowned upon/not considered good/not good) in Hindu society. Though,One is religious or not, it is doesn’t matter for society but to be the atheist not good in the society.
1o, Tolerance: Hindu says The God has thousands of name and styles of practices of religion so all religions and cults are the same regard, because they have same purpose. Ram, Allah, Christ etc are same name, only words time and places difference. So they respect all religions and celebrates friends and neibour ’s festivals and gifts and greets them.
The Culture :- Those qualities have been included in the basic elements of Hindu culture, which can be called the basis of humanity. So it is the world’s or human culture. The world culture gives birth to thoughts like “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” and “Atmavat Sarvabhuteshu” by crossing the boundaries of country, time, class, varna. The sages who gave birth to this thought always imagined such a world which was above the petty things of country, time and class.
The future of religious harmony,religious freedom, religious co-existance in India and Nepal looks uncertain/unpromising/worrisome/grim/troubled.
Problems on the Dharm :
India is a huge country of Hindus and Hinduism is defined , interpretation and reservation from there. Although there is 94% Omkar family in Nepal, but it is a small country and due to the open border of both the countries and the unity of social and religious beliefs and because of being surrounded by India on three sides, India’s direct impact on Nepal. When there was a Muslim invasion in India, the Hindus fled to Nepal and saved the Hindu culture and religion, so it is necessary to know the effect and condition of the Muslim invasion on India.The Google gives us the following facts which is copied here.
At present, the total Muslim population of the Indian sub continent is about 61 crore . Indian and Nepalese Mushlims don’t fully obey their national law, but follow Islamic Sariyat laws. There are many conflicts and quarrels between Hindus and Muslims. In India ,Hindu’s homes have been looted in Kashmir, and millions have fled to Dellhi and Bombay. The Muslims have oppressed Hindus in India . Currently, a large population of Hindus are spread throughout Nepal. Though the main principle the ‘God is only one’ in both religion, is the same, and any religion is not bad. But a big danger is from fundamentalist Muslims. The Hindu, Shikh and Christians in Pakistan and Bangla Desh are totally controlled by Muslim civil laws and looting, rape and forced religious conversion are common..
Attacks on the Dharma : ” After 540 AD Islaam borned in Macca and Madeena and spreaded east and west. It has a long history of Mushlim attackers on India. India had about 650 kingdoms and they were not united. They always quarreled each other. At first Mushlim tribes attacked on Indian villages as a robber and after rubbing they had gone back. After some time they start to stay few days and months for rubbering. Gradually they took possession on a big frontier part, today it called Afganistan and they interred in inner part . They killed billions of people by sword, burned living persons, lived the living people with saws, women and girls raped and killed or took them in west and those women as a maid used to sell , small children used to bounce up and pierce the tip of the spear. Small babies villages and crops burnt in the field, put the poison into well of drinking water, attacked made their regime at Afganistan and gradually they entered in frontier parts.
When they conquered a big area and find forts, wealth, weapons, army, slaves, women and many things, they stayed and became king and at last made great Mughal Empire. They converted people in Islam by force. Who didn’t accept it he/ she was killed. They destroyed Hindu temples and made mosques upon them. The lord Ram’s birth place Ayodhya City , birth place of Lord Krishna Mathura city and the Lord Shiva’s place Kaashi ( the cultural capital of Hindues ) temples were broken and made mosques. The temple of Shiva converted as TAJMAHAL, in Agara. Somnatha Temple of Gujrat was looted and gold , diamonds, and pearls was taken on the ass carrier . About 900 years Indian history could have been read in tears.
After some time when Mushlims rulers stabilized in India, They made a tax named JAJIYAA. Every non Mushlim had have to give tax for practice of his/ her own religion and after death non Mushlim have to buy the land for burial. Some kings had allowed to be buried by laying gold coins on the burial ground. Who had not money, the dead body ate dogs and vultures. Fearing cruelty, terror and atrocities, many converted to save lives. The ancestors of all Muslims from the Indian subcontinent to Menmar and Indonesiya were Hindu, Buddhist or other religions.
As per 1941 census population of present Pakistan was 2.80 crore and non Muslim The religious leader of Hindus as Guru Govind Singh etc, who were suffering from the atrocities of Mushlims, started a compaign. In which the eldest son of each family had to be devoted to the Guru( knowledge provider religious leader) . This pupils organization or army called Shikh ( means Shisya means pupils ) Last Muslim empror of India was Bahadur Shah was prisoned by British Government in 1857. From 11 century to 1600 AD( When british East India Company start to made the colony to India ) After 347 years British rigime fundamentalist Muslim Zinna keep a demond for Muslim country and British Government did a partition of India, on the base of religion in 1947 AD as Bharat, Pakistan.And in 1971 Bangla desh. The Pakistan had been got partition for Muslims so all Muslims would had gone to Pakistan but the Generous mahatma Gandhi tolled that if any Muslim want to live in Bharat( India) with Hindu he/ she can live here too. This is the secular country. Thus Mushlims found two countries and those Hindues who were in Pakistan, when they were going India there was a loot and many Hindus killed. Not only two million Hindus and Shikhs were slaughtered and raped, and millions kicked out of there ancestral homes but they also lost their motherland too. Now only in Bharat around 195 million Mushlims population is about the world’s third largest and the world largest Muslim minority population . India is a home to 10.3% of the worlds Muslim population. As per 1941 census of undivided India, total population was 39 crore and out of this Muslims population was 8.9 crore ie 22.8% of total population. After independence , as per 1951 census, total population of India was 36.5 crore and Muslim population was 3.5 crore. As per 2011 census, total population of India was 121 crore and muslims population was 17.5 crore.population was 56 lac ie 20% of population. As per 1941 census population of present Bangladesh was 4 crore and Hindus were 1.20 crore ie 30 % of population.
Now Muslims are 97.2% of total population of Pakistan. Hindus are 1.2% and Christians are 1.6%. As per 2011 census in Bangladesh ,muslims are 91.8% of total population and Hindus are 8.2%. Presently population of Hindus is decreasing further in Bangladesh but Muslims population is increasing at very fast rate in India. In Pakistan ratio is same as mentioned above.” – copied from Google
Social and religious traditions :
- Varna system : In Hindu, social Traditions mostly are the religious traditions too, so it is very difficult to say differences between two. In Vaidik civilization, that society called ‘ ARYA’. It means best. So the name of ancient India was ‘Aryavrat’. Aryans had divided the whole society in four part, named ‘VARN’ means category,on the base of virtue and job.
- Brahaman : scholer, policy maker,(created from Brahma’s head )
- Kshetri : Rulers, Security ; Army, Police, Executives administrators.( created from Brahma’s Arms and middle part )
- Vaisya : The producers and traders : Farmers, companies.( created from Brahma’s waist and thigh )
Shoodra : Server, employees . (created from Brahma’s Legs )
In Vedic era, a person who was in the 1st category might have come from a lower category and moved to a higher one. But after centuries, this division became wholly on the basis of birth, and now adays a Brahaman’s child is Brahman, and a Shoodra’s child is Shoodra- the Caste System. “Untouchability” (or the Depressed System)was decided on the basis of profession. The leather and shoe makers, sweepers, boar spinach (pig patters)*, etc. were kept (trapped, stuck?) in thier category (caste?). Nowadays, this system is ending.
When Muslims attacked and began to exploit Hindu women (mostly after their men were killed or defeated in battle),the women thought “better to die than be a Muslim’s wife and maid”. They chose to burn themselves alive with their husbands in a practice called Sati. After defeating the kings , thousands of Hindu women from the royal place and kingdom burned together in a huge and wide fire pit. This was Jauhar. (“glorious deed”), For example, Chittaud stat’s king Rawa Ratan Singh’s queen Padmawati was very beautiful and the Mushlim Emperor Alauddeen Khiljee of Delhi send messes to the king to give the queen him. But the king denied and emperor attacked on Chittaud. When the queen padmawatee saw that the king is getting defeat in the battle ,she, with the dead and fighting soldiers 16000 wives, made a huge fire pit and interred into fire, on Aug 26, 1303. The king was killed with his army. British regime controlled (changed) (this practice). Polygamy, child marriage, and odd marriage are ending gradually. Modern education, human rights consciousness, equality and liberty and the development and expansion of public awareness have made important changes.
Ashram system. In the Vedic era, a man/women’s age was assumed to be 100 years . This was divided into four parts:
• BrahmaCharya : Student age, from 5 to 25. The period for acquiring knowledge and training.
• Grihasth : Householder age, from 26 to 50. Marriage, birth of children, earning money, being a good citizen.
• VanPrasth :Retired, from 51 to 75. Living at home, not earning for himself but only working for society with a worldwide (nature). (“…for society on a global scale.”)
• Renunciate: Leaving home for the outside world (perhaps into the jungle),soleyto do things for the progress of one’s soul and virtue, and to make a fortune for Heaven and one’s next birth (incarnation)
Nowadays, this system is no longer followed.
(C ) Ranking and leveling in respect: 1st level on the top is the Mother, 2nd, Father and 3rd,Guru. A Guru in this sense means not only a teacher but the man/women who is a great scholar with both knowledge and virtue (Gu = darkness,Ru = light;one who can pull us from darkness and take us towards the light).The position of Guru (Teacher), therefore, is very, very high. In general, no one says (utters*) these three person’s names, never sits equally with them, always eats and sleeps after them and arises (wakes) before them, obeys and (serves) (or gives service to) them.
In Sanskrit, the importance of Guru is expressed with these phrases:*
“Gurur Brahmaa,Gurur Vishnu, Gururdeva Maheshwara”
“Guru is the Lord Brahmaa, Guru is the Lord Vishnu and Guru is the Lord Maheswar” (the main three Gods)
“Guru sakshaat ParBrahma,
Tasmai shree Guruwainamah”
“Guru is the ParBrahma (all mighty God ), we pray to Guru”
Calling methods and greetings: If you speak or say the name of mother, father, Guru, or elder, you have to add a prefix* denoting respect– Shree (or Shri), and the suffix*jee. Examples might be “Shri Ayodhya Shrivastav jee”, “Lord Shri Christ jee,” “Shri Diane Wallis jee”, “Shri Trump jee”, “Shri Tolstoy jee,”( in Nepali tongue say ‘jyu’) etc. If not both, a civilized person would definitely use at least one of the word.
Greeting styles. Traditional styles are:
• ShashTaanga Dandawat: The greeter lays down on the earth, body straight. It was/is offered toa Great Sage, Mother, father, Guru-Teacher, King, priest, and so on; to a very respectable person and God.Now it is getting down.
• PaawLaagi: Without laying down, the greeter only bends and touches their feet with reverence. It is also for the people listed above and highly respected elder officers as well*
• Namaste or Namaskaar ( means “I am bending ahead of you”): The greeter joining hands ( or not joining ) says the word aswell .The easiest and most practiced form of all.(saying Namaste /Namaskar with joining hands is better ).
• Saying“Namaste/ Namaskaar, Raam raam,Raadhe Raadhe, Krishna Krishna” etc. verbally only. This is also still in practice. but is felt by a few to be a formality.
• Shaking hands, raising hands, and hugging: Though Hugging was mostly used between womens and sometime men too but now a days From European, American and Muslim practice, now being adopted by Hindus. Except very close or lovely relation, men and women together not use hugging.
In Hindu culture, joint family trend* was very common and popular. A few Tharu families might have numbered over 350 members and used only one kitchen. But in general,a Hindu family consists of 10-15 members (grand parents, parents, conjugal couples and children, etc.), and now with urbanization and job dependency*, households consisting of parents and children with a daughter-in-law and grandchildren (very close family members and dependents ) are common. The western culture doesn’t similar. (There are few equivilents in Western Culture.)
*It is also offered to the people listed above, and highly respected elder officials as well.
In Hindu culture, joint family households was very common and popular. Few uses are here.
(A) In the Indian and Nepali society Any one don’t like to called some one;s name directly. Usually Often, they call with relation. The younger and children only are called by name. In the equal age and ranked – in the last of first or last name say ‘jee’ ( as a respected word’Great’, and in nepali ‘Jyu’) as: Ram jee, Seeta jee, Diane jee, Rasool jee, Brahma jee, Rosi jee . Yanauriya Jee, Wallice jee, Trump jee . Teacher jee, ( Mis Madam or Sir jee ) Principal jee, President jee. In equal level or to the unknown strange person we say Bhai jee ( respected Brother ) , Bahan jee( bahini in Nepali) ( respected sister ), Maataa jee ( respected mother , Pitaa ( father) , Chacha or Kaakaa ( Uncle ) Maamaa ( maternal uncle ), Maamee( maternal aunt ) etc . everywhere should use ‘Jee’.
(B) In Hindu, in general one man has one wife. The girl’s parents or guardians searches the boy and talks between parents. After that in Urban or well educated family, see the photographs or openly each other. But in the Rural and traditional family, Guardians set up and after marry they look each other in the marriage or open face looks after marriage on the first night bed.
(C)Hindu husband and wife relationship is the setting of our fate. Ago from the birth and later of death, for another birth, they are together. so for the wife , husband is equal of God and wife is well respected for husband. So by the Hindu religion, divorce has no space and one husband has one wife life long, and widow marriage was also not acceptable, she have had live in the husband family . but now a days Hindu ladies and gents uses this as a right, by the court and democratic way. Society is accepting it slowly.
Calendar and Festivals: Mostly , India and Nepal both have cultural and religious equality. They have Hindu calendar. But From British East India Company regime may be 1600 AD or few latter, English Calender is used in India .But in Hindu society, for social and religious used Hindu calendar uses. The Hindu festivals are: Nag panchami, Shri Krishna Janmaashtami( Lord Krishna birth day , Raksha bandhan ( Janeu poornima ), Dasahara( Dashai, Vijaya Dashami, Durga pooja ), Deepaawali or Diwaali, Bhai dooj, Chhatha, Makar sankranti ( maghe Sankranti , maaghee or KhichadI ), Maha Shiv Ratri , Holi ( Faguwa ), Chaitra Ram Nawami(Birth day of Lord Ram , BaisakhI poornima ( Buddha jayantI ) are the men festivals. Other are local festivals too.
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( I am grateful to the teacher Diane Wallis, city college of SF and friend Jonathan who corrected this article , and I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my teachers Beth Ericson, Audry Walles, Ingrid Farnbach, Fawnee Evnochides, Angelika kasten, Christina Yanuaria , Tracy jue , Cindy, and Annie M. Costa .)
